End notes
Colonial artist, thief, forger and mutineer: Thomas Barrett's amazing career
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1. A man called “Thomas Barret” had also been charged with a different case of theft, just three months before, but was found not guilty on the grounds of insufficient evidence. It is very possible that this was the same man:
http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=t17820703-6&div=t17820703-6&terms=thomas%20barrett%201782#highlight
2. Case 511: http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=t17820911-28&div=t17820911-28&terms=thomas%20barret%201782#highlight
3. A Roger Ekirch, “Bound for America: A Profile of British Convicts Transported to the Colonies, 1718-1775”, The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Apr 1985), pp. 184-200, at 184.
4. Ekirch, op cit at 186.
5. Aaron S. Fogleman, “From Slaves, Convicts, and Servants to Free Passengers: The Transformation of Immigration in the Era of the American Revolution”, The Journal of American History, Vol. 85, No. 1 (Jun., 1998), pp. 43-76, at 56.
6. Fogleman, op cit at 57.
7. Fogleman, op cit at 61.
8. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson: Correspondence (Vol 5) 1786-1787, Cosimo Inc 2010 (google e-book).
9. Fogleman, op cit at 44.
10. Kieran Hosty, “The Charlotte Medal”, Signals 84, September – November 2008 (Australian National Maritime Museum), 10-15.
11. Hosty, op cit at 12.
12. The Mercury later sailed again for America, but was refused permission to land there. It then went to the Honduras, but its eventual fate is unknown.
13. Fogleman, op cit at 61; Ekirch, op cit. The name “Australia” was not officially used until 1824.
14. Unfortunately, little thought was given to their legitimate property rights. For an interesting account of contacts between the Eora and the British, see Susan Boyer, Across Great Divides: True Stories of Life at Sydney Cove, Birrong Books, Glenbrook, 2013.
15. Some accounts suggest that Barrett was only 17 or 18, eg Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore; A History of the Transportation of Convicts to Australia, 1787-1868, Collins Harvill, London, 1987, at 91; Thomas Keneally, The Commonwealth of Thieves: The Sydney Experiment, Random House, Sydney, 2005, at 160. This does not appear to be correct.
16. About 160,000 convicts would eventually be transported to Australia over the next 80 years.
17. David Hill, 1788: The Brutal Truth of the First Fleet, Wm Heinemann, Sydney 2008, at 1.
18. Equivalent to about 110 feet. For detailed dimensions, see www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/charlotte
19. Three of those also participated in an earlier mutiny on the Swift in 1783 www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/charlotte
20. David Collins, An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, 1798, Vol 1, Section 2. Collins would perform a number of crucial roles in the Colony, including Deputy Judge Advocate and Lieutenant-Governor.
21. Hosty, op cit at 12.
22. John White, Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales, 1790. Original spelling is retained here and in other quotations, except where necessary for clarity. White later became the first Surgeon-General of New South Wales. His Journal is an invaluable first-hand account of the voyage and the early settlement. It is also considered to be the earliest book of Australian natural history.
23. Hughes, op cit, at 81, says that Barrett was “lightly punished”, but that a marine who had tried to pass off one of the coins on shore got 200 lashes. It seems that marines were apparently punished for such trangressions more severely than convicts.
24. Hosty, op cit: John Chapman, “The solution of the Charlotte enigma”, Journal of the Numismatics Association of Australia, (1998), vol 9, 28-33.
25. Hosty, op cit at 11.
26. Of course, Aboriginal art had already been flourishing for tens of thousands of years.
27. Hosty, op cit.
28. Hosty, op cit at 15.
29. Chapman, op cit.
30. Boyer, op cit at 40.
31. Pease was a porridge of compacted peas.
32. Arthur Bowes Smyth, The Journal of Arthur Bowes Smyth, Surgeon, Lady Penrhyn, 1787-1789, quoted in David Hill, First Fleet Surgeon: The Voyage of Arthur Bowes Smyth, National Library of Australia, Canberra, 2015.
33. White, op cit.
34. Watkin Tench, A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay, ch 10. Tench was an officer of marines on the Charlotte.
35. Bowes Smyth, op cit.
36. The Dutch had executed some of Batavia mutineers on the Abrolhos Islands off Western Australia in 1629.
37. Capital punishment was in practice abandoned in NSW in 1939.
38. White, op cit.
© Philip McCouat 2015
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1. A man called “Thomas Barret” had also been charged with a different case of theft, just three months before, but was found not guilty on the grounds of insufficient evidence. It is very possible that this was the same man:
http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=t17820703-6&div=t17820703-6&terms=thomas%20barrett%201782#highlight
2. Case 511: http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=t17820911-28&div=t17820911-28&terms=thomas%20barret%201782#highlight
3. A Roger Ekirch, “Bound for America: A Profile of British Convicts Transported to the Colonies, 1718-1775”, The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Apr 1985), pp. 184-200, at 184.
4. Ekirch, op cit at 186.
5. Aaron S. Fogleman, “From Slaves, Convicts, and Servants to Free Passengers: The Transformation of Immigration in the Era of the American Revolution”, The Journal of American History, Vol. 85, No. 1 (Jun., 1998), pp. 43-76, at 56.
6. Fogleman, op cit at 57.
7. Fogleman, op cit at 61.
8. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson: Correspondence (Vol 5) 1786-1787, Cosimo Inc 2010 (google e-book).
9. Fogleman, op cit at 44.
10. Kieran Hosty, “The Charlotte Medal”, Signals 84, September – November 2008 (Australian National Maritime Museum), 10-15.
11. Hosty, op cit at 12.
12. The Mercury later sailed again for America, but was refused permission to land there. It then went to the Honduras, but its eventual fate is unknown.
13. Fogleman, op cit at 61; Ekirch, op cit. The name “Australia” was not officially used until 1824.
14. Unfortunately, little thought was given to their legitimate property rights. For an interesting account of contacts between the Eora and the British, see Susan Boyer, Across Great Divides: True Stories of Life at Sydney Cove, Birrong Books, Glenbrook, 2013.
15. Some accounts suggest that Barrett was only 17 or 18, eg Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore; A History of the Transportation of Convicts to Australia, 1787-1868, Collins Harvill, London, 1987, at 91; Thomas Keneally, The Commonwealth of Thieves: The Sydney Experiment, Random House, Sydney, 2005, at 160. This does not appear to be correct.
16. About 160,000 convicts would eventually be transported to Australia over the next 80 years.
17. David Hill, 1788: The Brutal Truth of the First Fleet, Wm Heinemann, Sydney 2008, at 1.
18. Equivalent to about 110 feet. For detailed dimensions, see www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/charlotte
19. Three of those also participated in an earlier mutiny on the Swift in 1783 www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/charlotte
20. David Collins, An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, 1798, Vol 1, Section 2. Collins would perform a number of crucial roles in the Colony, including Deputy Judge Advocate and Lieutenant-Governor.
21. Hosty, op cit at 12.
22. John White, Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales, 1790. Original spelling is retained here and in other quotations, except where necessary for clarity. White later became the first Surgeon-General of New South Wales. His Journal is an invaluable first-hand account of the voyage and the early settlement. It is also considered to be the earliest book of Australian natural history.
23. Hughes, op cit, at 81, says that Barrett was “lightly punished”, but that a marine who had tried to pass off one of the coins on shore got 200 lashes. It seems that marines were apparently punished for such trangressions more severely than convicts.
24. Hosty, op cit: John Chapman, “The solution of the Charlotte enigma”, Journal of the Numismatics Association of Australia, (1998), vol 9, 28-33.
25. Hosty, op cit at 11.
26. Of course, Aboriginal art had already been flourishing for tens of thousands of years.
27. Hosty, op cit.
28. Hosty, op cit at 15.
29. Chapman, op cit.
30. Boyer, op cit at 40.
31. Pease was a porridge of compacted peas.
32. Arthur Bowes Smyth, The Journal of Arthur Bowes Smyth, Surgeon, Lady Penrhyn, 1787-1789, quoted in David Hill, First Fleet Surgeon: The Voyage of Arthur Bowes Smyth, National Library of Australia, Canberra, 2015.
33. White, op cit.
34. Watkin Tench, A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay, ch 10. Tench was an officer of marines on the Charlotte.
35. Bowes Smyth, op cit.
36. The Dutch had executed some of Batavia mutineers on the Abrolhos Islands off Western Australia in 1629.
37. Capital punishment was in practice abandoned in NSW in 1939.
38. White, op cit.
© Philip McCouat 2015
Back to Home